Peptide-siRNA nanotherapeutics in arthritis

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process that involves the delivery of small single stranded RNA molecules into mammalian cells, resulting in the sequence-specific cleavage of complementary mRNA and the silencing of specific gene expression. These small RNA molecules called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the focus of intense research due to their potential therapeutic uses in various disease processes ranging from cancer to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, critical barriers to the delivery of siRNAs in vivo remain. " Off-target " effects due to the suppression of closely related or unrelated genes might lead to unintended and potentially harmful host responses. Additionally, unprotected siRNAs are highly unstable once introduced into the circulation, with half-life of less than ten minutes, as they are quickly degraded by endogenous nucleases. Effective delivery of siRNAs to the desired cells/ tissues requires specialized delivery strategies as naked siRNAs penetrate cell membrane poorly due to their negative charge. Different carrier systems have been developed to enhance siRNA delivery, including cationic lipid-and polymer-based nanoparticle formulations. However, potential toxicities have hindered the clinical translation of these platforms. Several cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have also been used to enhance intracellular uptake of siRNAs. Excessive endosomal entrapment, however, remains the primary barrier to many CPP-mediated delivery systems. Melittin is a well-studied peptide with cell lytic potential through its lipid membrane binding and pore forming property. Our studies of the peptide structure-function relationships and peptide-lipid interactions led to modifications that yielded an amphipathic cationic peptide called " p5 " that serves as a " peptide linker " capable of rapidly functionalizing lipid membranes with cargo such as targeting ligands, drugs, and imaging contrast agents but is now substantially less lytic (a 5,700% decrease) compared to native melittin [1-3]. Further modifications of p5, based on studies of nucleotide-peptide interactions, were shown to enable a number of other useful attributes such as protected siRNA transport in circulation and rapid delivery to target tissues through passive permeation in addition to endosomal escape after pinocytotic uptake and concomitant rapid release of siRNA that depends on endosomal acidification and peptide protonation [4, 5]. Unlike the present class of lipid-based carriers, our peptide carrier for siRNA delivery is not sequestered in the reticuloendothelial system but is cleared renally. Avoidance of liver/spleen sequestration and renal clearance of active peptide-siRNA nanoparticles also serve to promote more focused tissue interactions, particularly under conditions of inflammation and enhanced vascular permeability as in …